2023 Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. To what extent was the role of propaganda used to consolidate and maintain . A totalitarian regime has a highly centralized system of government that requires strict obedience. - What solutions were implemented? 1.) What followed soon after were two devastating wars. 100. More than one third of all German men aged 19 to 22 were killed. (1) How did Fidel Castro rise to power in Cuba? Today, authoritarian regimes comprise only one-fifth of all states in the world (Marshall & Cole 2011, p. 10). This report sets out six types of authoritarian challenges: military threats, such as annexation of territory, hybrid warfare and assertive behaviour; coercion, through political and economic efforts to intimidate and cajole; In this way, militarism and imperialism broadened Fascism's appeal. Hitler spoke to the SA, his army of storm troopers. Check the notes preview and download a free sample. Beijing on Monday sought to defuse the row. It started with a string of violent clashes in the northern part of Italy beginning in 1920. It cannot be that two million Germans should have fallen in vain, Adolf Hitler later wrote. Before the onset of the Great Depression in Germany in 1929-1930, the National Socialist German Workers' Party (or Nazi Party for short) was a small party on the radical right of the German political spectrum. Much like Hitler and Mussolini, Stalin used violence and propaganda to maintain order and power. His trial brought him fame and followers. (May 2007, May 2005), It was personality and not circumstances that brought rulers of single-party states to power. To what extent do you agree with this statement? 'Domestic policy rarely managed to achieve its aims', Discuss how far you agree with this statement with reference to two authoritarian states you have studied, both from different regions. Angry, aggrieved citizens are not a solid foundation for regime durability. They work together. Key Weaknesses Plaguing Authoritarians. With reference to Castro (Cuba) or Nasser (Egypt), to what extent did the use of force contribute tomaintenance of power? Asked about his position on whether Crimea was part of Ukraine or not, Lu said in a French TV interview on Friday that historically it was part of Russia and had been offered to Ukraine by the former Soviet leader Nikita Khrushchev. A new and unfamiliar democratic form of governmentthe Weimar Republicreplaced the authoritarian empire and immediately faced daunting challenges. Now we must win the German people. Paris, 1900. Crime was on the rise. Mistake #2: Using The Terms Interchangeably. Josef Stalin ruled the Soviet Union from the mid-1920s until his death in 1953. Social and economic policies in authoritarian states did not always achieve their aims.. It became clear that Socialism was one of Fascisms main political enemies. Its important that when it comes to China, the EU speaks with one voice If we dont do that, theyll have us for lunch, they said. What were his aims economically and socially? All rights reserved. . How consistent was this with Castro's overall vision for Cuban society? Download PDF. Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. In what ways did Mussolini pursue an aggressive foreign policy? One senior EU diplomat said the EU needed to do better in handling relations with China and find a unified line. He used the jail time to dictate his political ideas in a book,Mein KampfMy Struggle. A third phrase promoting the "chosen leader" view in the contemporary political context is perhaps the most dangerous, and that is the idea of an "end-time judge" who declares what is good . Authoritarian states DO NOT emerge in times of peace and prosperity. Angry at the growing resistance, Japanese troops killed as many as 300,000 civilians. Step-by-step, Ethiopia became a state governed by a regime without moral or political constraints. Colonial aggression also contributed to the rise of Italian racism. Compare and contrast the importance of propaganda to the emergence of two authoritarian states. 'Elsewhere these groups [like the Nazis] could have been ignored and allowed to die out. The Nazi Party gained broad support, including many in the middle classintellectuals, civil servants, students, professionals, shopkeepers and clerks ruined by the Depression. [2010] 17. Methods used to establish authoritarian states: persuasion and coercion; the role of leaders; ideology; the use of force; propaganda, 2. of three authoritarian states should be studied. If two examples are required these will need to be from different regions. Japan already had some colonies, including Korea, but many military and business leaders argued that Japan deserved to rule most of Asia. 93-4 - Outline the relationship between Cuba + the USSR over the 1960s. Nazi propaganda chief Joseph Goebbels planned to win over those who were still unconvinced. Consolidation and maintenance of power. For instance, the Versailles treaty of Germany after the first world war led to resistance as some political powers felt humiliated by the agreements that were to be signed by the parties. The skim should be very quick and give you the gist (general idea) of what the article is about. . 85-86 - What challenges did he face in 1959 and how did he overcome them in the years that followed? -Frequent changes of chancellor. 97- - How did Castro deal with the media? The Fascists saw that the liberal state was weak and vulnerable to challenge. For example, all of them embraced nationalism, and they all found ways to justify violence against civilians. Power is concentrated in the hands of a single leader or a . By the end of the second close read, you should be able to answer the following questions: Finally, here are some questions that will help you focus on why this article matters and how it connects to other content youve studied. Moreover, among democracies, those with leaders who have strong illiberal tendencies, like U.S. President Donald Trump and Brazilian President Jair Bolsonaro, have done the worst in responding to the pandemic. The humiliation of Germanys defeat and the peace settlement that followed in 1919 would play an important role in the rise of Nazism and the coming of a second world war just 20 years later. Though this massacre was never acknowledged, some Japanese leaders privately justified it as necessary to "pacify" ("make peaceful") the Chinese population, whom they saw as members of an inferior nation. At the end of the third read, you should be able to respond to these questions: In this unit we see the rise of governments that have certain political characteristics. economic factors'. In Turkey, where mayors in Istanbul and Ankara affiliated with the opposition party have won praise among their constituents for their responses to the pandemic, President Recep Tayyip Erdoan has actively tried to undermine them whenever possibleannouncing weekend curfews on short notice to leave the opposition mayors flat-footed, canceling charity fundraisers that the mayors organized, and shutting down opposition-run food kitchenseven at the cost of weakening the countrys broader response to the pandemic. The mixed record of authoritarians responses to the coronavirus undercuts any simple conclusion that the pandemic will bolster authoritarianism globally over the long term. Economic Crisis. Rightwing propaganda and demonstrations played on fears of a Communist revolution spreading from the Soviet Union. Authoritarian states present a broad and serious challenge to liberal democracies and to the liberal world order. In recent months Beijing has tried to burnish its relationship with Europe, welcoming a string of European leaders to China. It did this by creating states with limited capacity to provide services and police their own territories. Unit Objectives: Authoritarian and Single Party States. Do you see any of them flying around? Early success in the Po Valley. Of the many fascist states that emerged between the two world wars, Hitler's Germany was the most notoriousbut Mussolini's Italy was the first. A second weakness of many authoritarian regimes in confronting the coronavirus is their suspicion or outright hostility toward independent voices and civil society. The idea was that non- Italians could become Italian if they assimilated to Italian culture and pledged loyalty to the nation. Sexual norms were in flux. In Russia, for example, Putin devolved pandemic decisionmaking to regional officials more accustomed to executing his orders than responding to local citizens concerns. colonial rule (1910-1945). -Anti-semitism appeared a bit potentially to impress and imitate ally Hitler-- POPE DID NOT LIKE, Institute of Industrial Reconstruction (IRI): Nationalism, independence movements The Fascists learned that paramilitary violence was an effective political tool. Washington, DC 20036-2103. 1779 Massachusetts Avenue NW We engage geography's longstanding debate on what "counts" as resistance by introducing slow resistance to account for temporal-political strategies against unjust developments, particularly under authoritarian conditions. - Explain the repeated waves of escape and the establishment of Little Havana in Florida, 98-9 - Outline the use of coercion by Castro as a form of social control. He also supported the brutal suppression of anti-colonial resistance in Libya. Vietnams leaders, for example, responded to the countrys first confirmed infections as early as January, imposing travel restrictions and quarantines with a speed that made it a textbook case of an effective response to the public health emergency. Green Politics Could Have an Outsized Impact on Trkiyes Elections, Malcolm H. Kerr Carnegie Middle East Center, Democracy, Conflict, and Governance Program. In the Reichstag (parliament) elections of May 2, 1928, the Nazis received only 2.6 percent of the national vote, a proportionate decline from 1924, when the Nazis received 3 percent . But we can also see similarities in the ways that they emerged. Germany has awakened! 99-100 - What was the Ochoa Affair and how did it affect Cuba? (2) How did Fidel Castro consolidate and maintain his power? authoritarianism, in politics and government, the blind submission to authority and the repression of individual freedom of thought and action. TEXT ON SCREEN: How did Japanese leaders justify Japans imperial expansion? These laws defined who had "German" blood and who did not. 1. In 1923, he was imprisoned for trying to overthrow the government. Account for theineffectiveness of internal opposition to two rulers of single-party states. (Nov 09), Unpopular rulers or governments, and their overthrow, were responsible for the formation of the majority of twentieth century single-party states. To what extent do you agree with this assertion? Fascists portrayed the war as Italy's "civilizing mission" or the need for "military security". The Italian, German, Japanese, and Soviet authoritarian efforts in the 1920s and 1930s had their differences. Even Russian President Vladimir Putin, the prototypical authoritarian strongman, displayed striking avoidance behavioror perhaps apathyby moving to his countryside residence outside Moscow after the virus arrived in Russia, leaving his subordinates to convey negative news to the public. In fact, the German military had quietly sought an end to the war it could no longer win in 1918. How was authoritarianism implemented in Italy? Many authoritarian and authoritarian-leaning governments have not responded well to the pandemic. 100. We include resources for teaching with limited class time, for English/Language Arts, and for History classes. that a minimum of three authoritarian states should be studied. Many Germans felt a new hope and confidence in the future of their country with the prospect of a bold, young charismatic leader. Organized into collective action by the state, young people supplied political energy to Fascism in Italy and elsewhere. Conditions in which authoritarian states emerged: economic factors; social division; impact of war; weakness of political system; Methods used to establish authoritarian states: persuasion and coercion; the role of leaders; ideology; the use of force . It is hollowing out democratic institutions and enhancing the tools of repression in developing countries. First he attacked the Greek island of Corfu. - Outline Castro's health and education policies. It is hard to blind citizens slammed by a national public health emergency to the realities of weak leadership at the top and incoherent governance at local levels. Within Italy, Mussolini promoted the ideas of. But this challenge is especially difficult for governments that do not enjoy the legitimacy that comes from winning free and fair elections and that instead rely heavily on economic performance as their primary source of popular legitimacy. Photo of Mussolini and Hitler standing next to each other, each dressed in their military uniforms. -PACT OF STEELE formal military alliance committing Italy to fight on Germany's side in the event of war Finally, issues with political legitimacy have also hurt some authoritarians pandemic policies. Stalin was obsessively focused on getting rid of enemies. Crime was on the rise. A third debility of the pandemic responses of many authoritarian regimes has been the lack of coherence and flexibility in the hierarchy of governance. They regulated marriage and sexual intercourse between the two groups, and stripped citizenship from both Jews and Roma. Later in the 1930s, Fascism was strengthened both by Mussolini's attempts to build an overseas empire as well as the increasing likelihood of war in Europe. Namely, that certain groups, especially Jews, could not assimilate and would have to be removed entirely so the nation could thrive. This fascination with some of the darkest aspects of our shared past has meant that there is a huge wealth of material written about . How were the Italian, German, Japanese, and Soviet authoritarian efforts in the 1920s and 1930s similar? It may be all, some, or none: Photo of Italian dictator Benito Mussolini walking besides decorated members of the Italian military. Analyse the conditions that enabledoneleft-wing leader to become the ruler of a single-party state. You should include the following ideas from the unit content of Paper 2 Topic Authoritarian States: Emergence of the State. Still, Fascism in Italy was not without racism. Chinese trend for using photo of film star to get better service sweeps social media, More than 20,000 Russian soldiers killed in five months in Ukraine, US says, Chinese journalist arrested on charges of espionage, 'Democracy was hijacked. One must govern well, and for good government one must also practice good propaganda. At the end of the third read, you should be able to respond to these questions: Looking back on history, we can often see patterns emerging just before dangerous or terrible events occurred. In the early 1930s, the frequency of elections was dizzying. 96 - How did Castro see social policy? HItler a Career" by Joachim Fest - the preview: Create your own unique website with customizable templates. 100-01 - What economic policies did the Government introduce to deal with the issues that Cuba faced? The independent sovereign nations that emerged after the fall of the former Soviet Union dont have effective status under international law because there is not an international agreement confirming their status as sovereign nations, he said. The Nazi Party recruited, organized, and produced a newspaper to spread its message. Why do you think so many people in Italy, Germany, Japan, and the Soviet Union embraced fascist or authoritarian ideologies and actions, even those that were violent and repressive. GOEBBELS [speaking German]: Discuss with reference to two authoritarian states (15) Economic factors play a major role in any nation and as authoritarian states rise and fall throughout A rising authoritarian wave. Emergence of authoritarian states. Since the end of the Cold War, the proportion of authoritarian states in the world has been on the decline. Italians convinced themselves that this firepower made them superior to their Ethiopian victims. demonstrates how local conditions are often unsuited to the ideal type of civil society as delineated in Western values, for instance in cases where numerous political, . "The conditions in which authoritarian states emerged were mainly determined by economic factors." Discuss with reference to two authoritarian states. How power was consolidated and maintained; legal methods versus use of force, treatment of opposition, impact of foreign policy. Paper 2 questions- Origins and development of Authoritarian and single-party states Emergence of Authoritarian States: - Conditions in which authoritarian states emerged: economic factors, social division, impact of war, weakness of political system. How long, and how many casualties did it take for the Fascists to defeat the Socialists? He had plans to expand into the Balkans and acquire Albania as a territory. - Mussolini was arrested and executed by a group of Italian Partisans, Battle over Southern Problem: Fail (wanted to build villages in sicily) Currently, a CBI letter dated 11 April 2023 in possession of The Sunday Guardian, shows that the Bureau has called for the production of several documents from various entities on 17 April 2023 with regard to the scheme for the period between 2016 to 2019. The maintenance of power was dependent on the successful control of opposition.. Four key weaknesses are manifest. Four key weaknesses are manifest. We demand vengeance!. When the government chose not to intervene in this conflict, the Fascists used the fighting to gain power in the region. The independent sovereign nations that emerged after the fall of the former Soviet Union "don't have effective status under international law because there is not an international agreement . Discuss with reference to two authoritarian states. A good government without propaganda is not more possible than good propaganda without a good government. If you're behind a web filter, please make sure that the domains *.kastatic.org and *.kasandbox.org are unblocked. The Path to Nazi Genocide, NARRATOR: -continued to have a relationship You are leaving the website for the Carnegie-Tsinghua Center for Global Policy and entering a website for another of Carnegie's global centers. Compare and contrast the methods used to maintain power in two authoritarian states, each from a different region. Political Instability. Lu Shaye, Chinas ambassador to France, said independent states that emerged from the collapse of the Soviet Union lacked actual status in international law. Adolf Hitler. Discuss with reference to one authoritarian state. But deep-seated attitudes about racial hierarchy played out during the conflict. They believed Japan had a superior culture, and could rule other Asians better than the European empires had. Certainly, Mussolini and the Fascists saw ethnic minorities as impediments to the creation of a purely Italian state.
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