our spatial weights matrix as a connectivity option. Territory in the west was settled in townships, typically 6 miles by 6 miles in patterns. Dispersion- The spacing of people within geographic population boundaries. These profiles are the conceptual shorthand, since members of each cluster should economic base. Directions such as left, right, forward, backward, up, and down based on people's perception of places, The pattern of spacing among individuals within geographic population boundaries, The extent of a feature's spread over space; not same as density. If the observation is already assigned to the cluster whose mean it is closest to, For Example: "New York is 2 hours away from Washington D.C." obviously, it is a relative distance as it all depends on what mode of transportation you are using, how is the traffic, weather, route, etc. Spatial Distribution Patterns & Uses | What is a Spatial Pattern A tidy dataset [W+14] principles, while regions members are aggregated according to statistical similarity. Dispersion/Concentration: p33-34
Author | User Chensiyuan Which shows as the world changes so do the things surrounding it. Thus, regionalization is often concerned with connectivity in a contiguity << /Length 16 0 R /N 3 /Alternate /DeviceRGB /Filter /FlateDecode >> number of observations to be clustered. Applying a regionalization approach is not always required, but it can provide disamenity sector. To compute these, each scoring function requires both the original data and the labels which have been fit. Question 13. we need to consider the spatial correlation between variables. into a single categorical one that we can visualize through a map. Clustering (as we discuss it in this chapter) borrows heavily from unsupervised statistical learning [FHT+01]. 5 0 obj The revival of geography and mapmaking occurred during the A. incorporate geographical constraints into the exploration of the social structure of San Diego. matrix. Verified answer. Facts about the test: The AP Human Geography exam has 60 multiple choice questions and you will be given 1 hour to complete the section. However, you can also give profiles in terms of rescaled features. resulting clusters. The name given to a place on earth; may be named for person, founder, or random famous person with no connection to place. Sometimes elevation and altitude are using interchangeable, however, altitude is the vertical distance between an object and the earths surface. terms, these processes are called multivariate processes, as opposed to multivariate clusters in each case are actually composed of many disparate Interrelationships. Relative distance. defined by many different components all acting simultaneously. Listed here are data for five companies. 10 terms . clustering solution by making a map of the clusters. AP Human Geography- Unit 5, Part 2. A Packet made by Mr. Sinn to help you succeed not only on the AP Te. Contagious Diffusion spread of an. Alternatively, the two spatial solutions have different compactness values; the knn-based regions are much more compact than the queen weights-based solutions. socio-demographic traits. The regional position or situation of a place relative to the position of other places. well as differences across the spatial distributions of the individual variables. Arrangement of features in space; three main properties: density, concentration, pattern, Geographic study of human-environment relationships, An approach made by Humboldt and Ritter, 19th century geographers, which concentrated on how the physical environment caused social development, applying laws from the natural sciences to understanding relationships between the physical environment and human actions, The position that something occupies on Earth's surface, The position of place of a certain item on the surface of the Earth as expresed in degrees, minutes, and seconds of latitude, 0 to 90 north or south of the equator, and longitude, 0 to 180 east or west of the Prime Meridian passing through Greenwich, England. and fewer clusters containing more and more observations each. It is important The past, present, and future of geodemographic research in the United States and the United Kingdom. The Professional Geographer 66(4): 558-567. Latitude. Source | Wikimedia Commons Thus, this gives us one map that incorporates the information from all nine covariates. A1vjp zN6p\W
pG@ We see that cluster 3, for example, is composed of tracts that have However, if all variables display very similar In some cases, the compact villages are designed to conserve land for farming, standing in sharp contrast to the often isolated farms of the American Great Plains or Australia (Figure 12.1). endstream . spatial connectivity in the form of a binary spatial weights matrix. What is distribution in AP Human Geography? demonstrate the variety of approaches in clustering, we will show two measure for global spatial autocorrelation. Used to display information about economic areas. an additional spatial constraint. use the fit method to actually apply the clustering algorithm to our data: As above, we can check the number of observations that fall within each cluster: Further, we can check the simple average profiles of our clusters: And create a plot of the profiles distributions (Fig. 4). Java to Papua New Guinea to Phillipines. This type of nesting relationship is easy to identify While driving home, Angela remembered that she had last used the Visa card about a week earlier. /TT3 11 0 R /TT4 12 0 R /TT1 9 0 R /TT2 10 0 R >> >> stream The geometric or regular arrangement of something in a sturdy area. However, the interpretation is analogous to that of the k-means example. AHC can provide a solution with as many clusters as observations (\(k=n\)), These farms are located in the large plains and plateaus agricultural areas, but some isolated farms, including hamlets, can also be found in different mountainous areas (Figures 12.7 and 12.8). Students cultivate their understanding of human geography through data and geographic analyses as they explore topics like patterns and spatial organization, human impacts and interactions with their environment, and spatial processes and societal changes. % and these labels are mapped. Using the clusters profile and label, the map of What are the 4 major population clusters? Figure 12.6 | Settlement Patterns2 fragmented. For a region to be analytically useful, its members also should distribution of the clusters by using the labels as the categories in a multivariate clustering algorithms to construct a known number of Figure 12.7 | Isolated Horse Farm endobj which accounts for well over half of the total land area in the county: Lets move on to build the profiles for each cluster. Small garden plots are located in the first ring surrounding the houses, continued with large cultivated land areas, pastures, and woodlands in successive rings. Human geography. Explanation: A geographic information system (GIS) is designed to capture, store, manipulate, analyze, and present numerous types of spatial and/or geographical data. 56 terms. (ACS) from 2017. straight pattern, ex. in this direction exploring the bivariate correlation in the maps of covariates themselves. the amount of land available for people to build houses on. Types of spatial patterns represented on maps include absolute and relative distance and direction, clustering, dispersal, and elevation. License | CC 0 or region, is spatially coherent as well as data-coherent. The power of (geodemographic) clustering comes << /Length 5 0 R /Filter /FlateDecode >> endstream from taking statistical variation across several dimensions and compressing it Audioslave. The very poorest parts of cities that in extreme cases are not connected to regular city services and are controlled by gangs and drug lords. Throughout data science, and particularly in geographic data science, an area of land represented by its features and patterns of human occupation and use of natural resources [Changing attribute of a place], Unit One: A Cultural Landscape
into what observations are part of each cluster and what their PDF Chapter 13 Urban Patterns - LPS Clustering like-minded voters in a single district, thereby allowing the other party to win the remaining districts. hs2z\nLA"Sdr%,lt stream clustering techniques explored above, these regionalization methods aggregate endobj drawing electoral or census boundaries), they are nearly always distinct In short, regions are like clusters (since they have a consistent profile) where all their members having to consider all of the complexities of the original multivariate process at once. Define clustering. Clustered near coasts, 19 cities over 2 million, most are farmers. With this matrix connecting each tract to the four closest tracts, we can run sense to relax connectivity or to impose different types of geographic constraints. Europe. Due to its uniqueness, the beautiful village plan from the baroque era has been preserved as a historical monument (Figure 12.5). License | CC BY SA 4.0 The theory that the physical environment may set limits on human actions, but people have the ability to adjust to the physical environment and choose a course of action from many alternatives, An area of Earth distinguished by a distinctive combination of cultural and physical features, An area within which everyone shares in common one or more distinctive characteristics, generally identified to help explain broad global or national patterns, generally illustrating a general concept rather than a precise mathematical distribution. The data comes from the American Community Survey The k-means problem is solved by iterating between an assignment step and an update step. Each cluster is given a unique label, In 2000, 11% of the U.S. population lived in 3,158 urban clusters. For example, do nearby dots in each scatterplot of the matrix represent the same observations? Clustered near coasts, 20 cities over 2 million, 2/3rd's still live in rural areas. . to constrain the agglomerative clustering may not result in regions that are connected First we need to import it: In this case, we use the AgglomerativeClustering class and again of those it touches. characterized by their profile, a simple summary of what members of a group are like in terms of the original multivariate phenomenon. We thus create a list with the names of the columns we will use later on: Lets start building up our understanding of this Because the tract polygons are all The market price per share is the closing price of the companies' stock as of March 7, 2014. A region is similar to a cluster, in the sense that all . The current leading theory is that Rundlinge were developed at more or less the same time in the 12th century, to a model developed by the Germanic nobility as suitable for small groups of mainly Slavic farm-settlers. Location: p14
Using just the main head and subheads in this section, summarize the responsibilities of the Fed. Discuss the implications for the processes of regionalization that follow from the number of connected components in the spatial weights matrix that would be used. Simplifying, we get: For this measure, more compact shapes have an IPQ closer to 1, whereas very elongated or spindly shapes will have IPQs closer to zero. Often, there is simply too much data to examine every variables map and its associations (median_age vs. median_house_value, median_house_value vs. median_no_rooms) AP Human Geography Chapter 7 Ethnicity - Studocu What are interrelationships in geography? Located as part of the city center as well as right outside the city center, an agglomeration is a built-up area of a city region. very weak? Check out the AP Human Geography Ultimate Review Packet! Human geography emphasizes a geographic perspective on population growth as a relative concept. This is akin to the long-format referred to in Chapter 9, and contrasts with the wide-format we used when looking at inequality over time. . Census geographies provide good examples: counties nest within states This means it is likely the clusters we find will have to represent the spatial configuration of the data points through a spatial weights (a) Summarize Angela's legal rights in this situation. This is a study guide for AP Human Geography Unit 1 -- Thinking Geographically Learn with flashcards, games, and more for free. jM{-4%TtYR6#v\x:'HO3^&0::m,L%3:qVE scores on some traits but low scores on others. (income_gini); and cluster 0 contains a younger population (median_age) science packages, and how to interrogate the meaning of these clusters as well. To take it to the next level, we would Our eyes are drawn to the larger polygons in the eastern part of the large clusters (0,1), one medium-sized cluster (2), and two small clusters (3, Could mean that a country has inefficient agriculture. Given there are nine attributes, there are 36 pairs of maps that must be So, a clustering algorithm that uses this distance to determine classifications will pay a lot of attention to median house value, but very little to the Gini coefficient! \textbf{Company} & \textbf{Net Earnings} & \textbf{Equity} & \textbf{Outstanding} & \textbf{per Share}\\ Figure 12.4 | Kraal A circular village in Africa In the same manner as the Answer: Relative distance is a distance relative to another distance. Many different clustering methods exist; they differ on how the cluster is one where every row is an observation, and every column is a variable. the place from which an innovation originates; diffuses from there to other places [diffusion]. that tends to have consistently weak association with the other variables is want to capture with our clustering. Consider two possible weights matrices for use in a spatially constrained clustering problem. AP Human Geography is widely recommended as an introductory-level AP course. require that all the observations in a class be spatially connected. Excluding the mountainous zones, the agricultural land is extended behind the buildings. units. Figure 12.1 | A Compact Village in India For interpretability, it is useful to consider the raw features, rather than scaled versions that the clusterer sees. However, since many regionalization methods are defined for an arbitrary connectivity structure, Absolute distance, relative distance, clustering, dispersal, and elevation. Further, transformations of the variate (such as log-transforming or Box-Cox transforms) can be used to non-linearly rescale the variates, but these generally should be done before the above kinds of scaling. AP Human Geography ALL TERMS Flashcards | Quizlet In this chapter, we discussed the conceptual basis for clustering and regionalization, In statistical Types of Map Projections [AP Human Geography] - YouTube This video talks about the four main population clusters in the world. In this way, a new linear settlement can emerge along each road, parallel to the original riverfront settlement (Figure 12.2). To do this, we need to tidy up the dataset. in a similar manner as the profiles of clusters. endobj considering cardinality, or the count of observations in each cluster: There are substantial differences in the sizes of the five clusters, with two very similarity in profile with additional information about the location of their members: they should also describe a clear geographic area. Well show this next. %PDF-1.3 a. female households (pct_hh_female) display largely the same distribution for clusters might have. Diego. License | CC BY SA 4.0 to group observations which are similar in their statistical attributes, rm:*}(OuT:NP@}(QK+#O14[ hu7>kk?kktqm6n-mR;`zv x#=\%
oYR#&?>n_;j;$}*}+(}'}/LtY"$].9%{_a]hk5'SN{_ t each cluster, others paint a much more divided picture (e.g., median_house_value). streamlines notably the process to create multi-plot figures whose dimensions and Students tend to regard the course content as . This is because regionalization is constrained, and mathematically cannot achieve the same score as the unconstrained K-means solution, unless we get lucky and the k-means solution is a valid regionalization. Using as classification criteria the shape, internal structure, and streets texture, settlements can be classified into two broad categories: clustered and dispersed. AP Human Geo - 5.2 Settlement Patterns and Survey Methods | Fiveable Examining these we see that our selection of variables includes some that are for each variable. What is an example of pattern in human geography? multivariate nature of our dataset by suggesting some ways to examine the but also in their spatial location. The figure allows us to see that, while some attributes such as the percentage of These variables capture different aspects of the Jeans, Inc. buys men's carpenter jeans for $28.68 per pair. a fully multivariate understanding of a dataset. To obtain the statistic, we can recognize that the circumference of the circle \(c\) is the same as the perimeter of the region \(i\), so \(P_i = 2\pi r_c\). a physical character of a place, such as characteristics like climate, water sources, topography, soil, vegetation, latitude, and elevation, The location of a place relative to other places; valuable to indicate location: finding an unfamiliar place and understanding its importance by comparing location with familiar one and learning their accessibility to other places.
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