While proper attribution of a perspective to a source satisfies the minimal requirements of Wikipedia's neutral point of view, there is an additional editorial responsibility for including only those quotes and perspectives which further the aim of creating a verifiable and neutral Wikipedia article. [1] Fringe science theories are often advanced by persons who have no traditional academic science background, or by researchers outside the mainstream discipline. What is Fringe Science? Weird Ideas That Make You Think It has since been dismissed because of lack of evidence. It is home to the Donora Zinc Works and American Steel & Wire factories. If the status of a given idea changes, then Wikipedia changes to reflect that change. After the story made headlines, the girl said that she wasnt surprised by the connection because the people seemed to have a common trait of wanting power. If no independent reliable sources connect a particular fringe theory to a mainstream subject, there should not even be a link through a see also section, lest the article serve as a coatrack. Fringe (srie tlvise) Wikipdia Quotes that are controversial or potentially misleading need to be properly contextualized to avoid unintentional endorsement or deprecation. First formulated in the 1960s by British marine scientist Alister Hardy, the aquatic ape theory maintains that our modern human abilities are the result of our ancestors amphibious existence. Claims that are uncontroversial and uncontested within reliable sources should be presented as simple statements of facte.g. 30 Eerily Beautiful Photos Of Abandoned Iceland, What Stephen Hawking Thinks Threatens Humankind The Most, 27 Raw Images Of When Punk Ruled New York, Join The All That's Interesting Weekly Dispatch. Fringe reports have been published claiming that Tokyo is becoming highly contaminated with radiation. Subjects receive attention in Wikipedia in proportion to the level of detail in the sources from which the article is written. Journals that are not peer reviewed by the wider academic community should not be considered reliable, except to show the views of the groups represented by those journals.[9]. This has resulted in a tendency to dismiss all fringe science as the domain of pseudoscientists, hobbyists, and quacks.[4]. Fittingly, another term for these schools of thought is fringe science one that Gordin prefers, after researching fringe theories since the late 1990s. He was nicknamed The Executioner because he liked to feed his victims to lions and tigers on his ranch. Some people have examined the images of the dead man and suggested flaws, discrepancies, and tampering. Yes, that is correct, his name is Rich Walker. This is particularly true within articles dedicated specifically to fringe ideas: Such articles should first describe the idea clearly and objectively, then refer the reader to more accepted ideas, and avoid excessive use of point-counterpoint style refutations. Specifically theories that didn't start out as a scientific/STEM discovery. Hardouin believed the group had created the Greek versions solely to corrupt the peoplea plan foiled only by the timely distribution of the Latin version. If youve read the story about Jesuss tomb being in Japanor about the crazy cult that believes that the ancient Japanese taught the Jews to speak Hebrewthen you probably know where this is going. In 1614, the book was reprinted by Jewish apostate Samuel Friedrich Brenz and presented as fact. Lazcano is suspected of killing hundreds of people and used torture to spread fear over the populace. The pop science audience is in millions and you can't assume they all have similar opinions. The problem with pseudoscience - EMBO Press Efforts of fringe-theory inventors to promote their theories, such as the offering of self-published material as references, are unacceptable: Wikipedia is not an advertising venue. Some believe that the ancient Phoenicians were the first people to ever successfully set sail to the Americas, allegedly reaching the east coast of Central America more than 2,000 years before Columbus. [2] For writers and editors of Wikipedia articles to write about controversial ideas in a neutral manner, it is of vital importance that they simply restate what is said by independent secondary sources of reasonable reliability and quality. The mere mention of Jesus is usually enough to provoke a whole slew of controversies, directly or indirectly tied to Him. [2] : 58 [3] The general public has difficulty distinguishing between science and its imitators, [2] : 173 and in some cases a "yearning to believe or a generalized suspicion of experts . It has since been resurrected to become a hotly debated topic among modern scholars. He was an acquaintance of the Boston Marathon bomber Tamerlan Tsarnaev, and was killed while being questioned about the bombing and a triple homicide that occurred in Waltham, Massachusetts, on the evening of September 11, 2011. It can be an unverified hypothesis, historical hoax, or pseudoscientific discovery. Believers adhere to the view that, after the disintegration of ancient Israel, some survivors traveled east and eventually settled in present-day areas of the Middle East, Central Europe, and South and Southeast Asia. Some scholars have suggested the book was put together no earlier than the sixth century, while the earliest mention of the book is thought to have come from the year 826. Should any inconsistency arise between this guideline and the content policies, the policies take precedence. Scholarly opinion is generally the most authoritative source to identify the mainstream view. For one, His crucifixion was too brief (around six hours) to ensure certain death. A significant contribution to the study of economic organization that preceded the 1930s was Frank Knight's (1965) classic treatment of Risk, Uncertainty, and Profit in 1922.Knight plainly anticipated Percy Bridgeman's counsel to social, scientists that "the principal problem in understanding the actions of men is to understand how they thinkhow their minds work . Fringe Science - Exploring the Bounderies of Research One of the most infamous Mexican drug lords in history, Lazcano was known for his extreme violence, and built an empire of 10,000 gunmen that spread from the Rio Grande into Central America. Supporters of this theory claim that documents exist pointing to the Soviets discussing an attack on Germany. Formulated by French librarian Jean Hardouin in 1693, this theory holds that a shadowy group had forged numerous ancient Greek, Roman, and Latin texts during the 13th and 14th centuries. Almost immediately, they started to complain of respiratory distress and illness. The fringe theory developed in England during the 17th century and eventually spread to the United States. In late October 1948, something strange happened in Donora, Pennsylvania. Lets hope North Korea doesnt figure out the whole nuclear weapon thing. Carlson's show gave many Fox News viewers what they wanted, she said, including false claims about the 2020 election, COVID vaccines and the Jan. 6 Capitol insurrection, as well as smears against. . Top 10 Most Famous Scientific Theories (That Turned out to be Wrong) Jamie founded Listverse due to an insatiable desire to share fascinating, obscure, and bizarre facts. Acceptance of new science can come slowly. The text is widely believed to be a hoax, but has been presented as fact at different points throughout history. Notability can be determined by considering whether there are enough reliable and independent sources that discuss the person in a serious and extensive manner, taking care also to avoid the pitfalls that can appear when determining the notability of fringe theories themselves. And maintaining a steady supply of booze required relatively intensive farming techniques that were incompatible with the nomadic hunter-gatherer lifestyle. Finally, even though the Gospel of John states that a Roman soldier speared Jesuss side, it is the only gospel to mention it; the three other gospels that preceded it never bring up the incident. . According to the stoned ape theory by American author and philosopher Terence McKenna, after our ancestors climbed down from the treetops, they began eating psilocybin mushrooms that thrived in the waste of cattlea move that sped up their evolution. Other considerations for notability should be considered as well. The documentary concludes that certain US presidential candidates have been selected and promoted to win elections, while others are threatened, accosted, and ignored by the media. Articles have been published claiming that the radioactive plume from the original disaster will reach the West Coast of the United States and Canada in early 2014. Advertisement Coins. Lucky for us theres no disease that turns humans into flesh eating zombies. Policies discourage this: if the only statements about a fringe theory come from the inventors or promoters of that theory, then "What Wikipedia is not" rules come into play. Perspectives which advocate non-scientific or pseudoscientific religious claims intended to directly confront scientific discoveries should be evaluated on both a scientific and a theological basis, with acknowledgment of how the most reliable sources consider the subjects. To solve the problem, the Japanese government has decided to build a mile-long impenetrable frozen wall beneath the plant, to prevent groundwater from mixing with contaminated water. About: Fringe theory - DBpedia But medications like psychostimulants to treat children with hyperactive disorders, and neurotropics (or smart drugs) have yet to be tested with any real accuracy. Fringe theories may be excluded from articles about scientific topics when the scientific community has ignored the ideas. Fringe science - HandWiki How to Spot Pseudoscience Online and IRL | Discover Magazine During the Middle Ages, invading armies would fling plague-ridden corpses over castle walls. Fringe science - Wikipedia The research is interesting, but the theory is far from being accepted by the medical community. The company didnt respond to our request for a price quote, but we can go ahead and assume most people arent going to be running out to buy one anytime soon. Scientists must evaluate the plausibility of each new fringe claim, and certain fringe discoveries "will later graduate into the ranks of accepted" while others "will never receive confirmation". He was also familiar with explosives and grenade-launchers. We still use all sorts of drugs to try and utilize all the nooks and crannies of the brain. Wikipedia is not a forum for presenting new ideas, for countering any systemic bias in institutions such as academia, or for otherwise promoting ideas which have failed to merit attention elsewhere. In 2012, Stanford University estimated that the radiation from Fukushima Daiichi would cause around 15 to 1300 deaths from cancer. As a member of the French nobility, Gilles de Rais held a huge fortune, including vast tracts of land in Brittany. More evidence that we will all be his underlings some day. The prominence of fringe views needs to be put in perspective relative to the views of the entire encompassing field; limiting that relative perspective to a restricted subset of specialists or only among the proponents of that view is, necessarily, biased and unrepresentative. They also point out similarities between the customs and ceremonies of the Jewish and Shinto religions. The smog has spawned a large number of conspiracy theories, revolving around US Steels refusal to release the records about the disaster, including an air chemical analysis. In contrast, many mainstream articles do not link to articles about fringe theories. Munich Personal RePEc Archive The Search for New Drugs: A Theory of RD in the Pharmaceutical Industry Khazabi, Massoud and Quyen, Nguyen University of Ottawa 1 September 2010 Online at https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/39462/ MPRA Paper No. Spin also examines the career of politician Larry Agran, who attempted to win the Democratic nomination for president in 1992. The movie examines a large number of TV outtakes that touch on the 1992 presidential election, the LA riots, and abortion protests. Particularly harsh criticism should be attributed"Philosopher A. C. Grayling dismisses intelligent design as 'a little driblet of childish ignorance; a mark of mankind's infancy'"while simple facts"humans and chimpanzees evolved from a common ancestor"are best left stated simply as facts rather than recast as opinions. They possessed excellent sailing skills and built bigger ships than the ones used by Columbus. Such theories strive to explain different mental processes including how the mind processes information and how our thoughts lead to certain emotions and behaviors. Although his fellow scholars tried their best to accommodate Hardouins theory, his constant push for these radical views eventually turned him into an outcast in the scientific community. . Since fringe theories may be obscure topics that few non-adherents write about, there may only be a small number of sources that directly dispute them. The governing policies regarding fringe theories are the three core content policies, Neutral point of view, No original research, and Verifiability. Although fringe science is founded in established science, it explores . Postulated by Azjen (1991)5, the theory of planned behavior (TPB) is a generalized theory of human behavior in the social psychology literature that can be used to study a wide range of individual behaviors. The American Civil Liberties Union has called for an independent investigation into the shooting, while the Russian embassy in Washington has become active in searching for details in the case. In addition, there is an approximate demarcation between pseudoscience and questionable science, and they merit careful treatment. inquiry in an established field of study which departs significantly from mainstream theories in that field and is considered to be questionable by the mainstream. The idea runs parallel with the fringe theory that the term conspiracy theory was invented by the CIA to discredit people who question media accounts of important events. Game theory: John von Neumann and Oskar Morgenstern, 1944 (with important embellishments from John Nash in the 1950s) Developed for economics, where it has had some successes, game theory. In his work, Brooks-Baker suggested that every US presidential election has been won by the candidate with the most royal blood. Evolution, The Big Bang Theory, and Continental Drift all began on the fringes of science and todaywhile still debated by someare taken as scientific truth. The speech is said to include Franklin saying that the Jewish people will amass in large numbers and attempt to change the US government. Examining science on the fringes: vital, but generally wrong Likewise, an alleged speech by Stalin supposedly indicates that he hoped that Germanys war with Britain and France would leave the three countries exhausted, consequently making them easy pickings for the Soviets. [7], Although most fringe science is rejected, the scientific community has come to accept some portions of it. If mentioning a fringe theory in another article gives undue weight to the fringe theory, discussion of the fringe theory may be limited, or even omitted altogether. This label does not cover theories that . Fringe est une srie tlvise amricaine de science-fiction et d'horreur en cent pisodes de 42 minutes co-cre par J. J. Abrams, Alex Kurtzman et Roberto Orci et diffuse entre le 9 septembre 2008 et le 18 janvier 2013 sur le rseau Fox et en simultan au Canada sur /A\ [2] (avec quelques pisodes sur CTV [3]) pour les deux premires saisons, puis sur Citytv [4]. Despite the news, the US and Mexican governments put a bounty of $7 million on Lazcanos head, and in 2012 he was shot and killed by the Mexican Navy. The shooting has outraged many people, and the FBI has blocked all attempts to view autopsy reports because the case is still under investigation. McKenna based this theory mainly on his own experienceduring his lifetime, he personally indulged in numerous psychedelic substances. It presumes that individual behavior represents conscious reasoned choice, and is shaped by cognitive thinking . In 1215, King John enacted the Magna Carta, which was one of the first documents to support democracy. It said that no freeman could be punished except by the law of the people. He even contributed toward building the first permanent synagogue in Philadelphia. This list catalogs well-accepted theories in science and pre-scientific natural philosophy and natural history which have since been superseded by scientific theories.Many discarded explanations were once supported by a scientific consensus, but replaced after more empirical information became available that identified flaws and prompted new theories which better explain the available data. Alchemy is the now-defunct pseudoscientific quest to discover the philosopher's stone, coveted by the particularly greedy and those who couldn't cope with their own mortality. Typically, the long list of vestigial doctrines grows apace. Spin takes the approach that the American media has been used as a tool to silence public debate on certain issues. Eventually, this custom led to even more complex and intertwined relationshipsessentially the forerunner of todays society. Alternative theoretical formulations from within the scientific community are not pseudoscience, but part of the scientific process. The book says that Jesus was an illegitimate child who practiced heretic activities and died a shameful death. 39462, posted 15 Jun 2012 12:52 UTC The Search for New Drugs: A Theory of R&D in the Pharmaceutical Industry Massoud Khazabi1 University of Ottawa The paper . She describes all of them as trying to make sense of the world using the scientific method, but in the face of not being able to understand the complex theories of modern science. Articles about hypotheses that have a substantial following but which critics describe as pseudoscience, may note those critics' views; however, such hypotheses should not be described as unambiguously pseudoscientific if a reasonable amount of academic debate still exists. Heriberto Lazcano Lazcano was the leader of the Los Zetas drug cartel until his death in a shootout with police on October 7, 2012. In Wikipedia parlance, the term fringe theory is used in a very broad sense to describe an idea that departs significantly from the prevailing views or mainstream views in its particular field. He then used the videos to create the 1995 documentary titled Spin. In 2008, the Briton used an exact replica of a Phoenician ship to successfully circumnavigate the continent. As with the Sandy Hook Elementary shooting, 2012 Aurora murders, and the Boston Marathon bombing, details of the event have been confused by false or inaccurate media reports and rumors, which have unfortunately been vastly blown out of proportion with the speedy help of social media. Despite the evidence, many people in Mexico have suspected that Heriberto Lazcano is still alive. Fringe science refers to ideas whose attributes include being highly speculative or relying on premises already refuted. The neutral point of view policy requires that all majority and significant-minority positions be included in an article. Harold Brooks-Baker was an Anglo-American journalist who became famous for his books on the genealogy of the British Royal family. He has been a guest speaker on numerous national radio and television stations and is a five time published author. We humans have been using drugs in an attempt to access our whole brains for about as long as weve been on this planet. In general, Wikipedia should always give prominence to established lines of research found in reliable sources and present neutral descriptions of other claims with respect to their historical, scientific, and cultural prominence. While its true that fringe theories generally sound crazy to conventional-thinking people, some are backed by just enough evidence (or convincing arguments) to almost make us wonder if its all real. When a mechanism was discovered through plate tectonics, it became mainstream. Critics of the theory say that the odds of being related to a member of the British Royal Family are extremely high. In 2002, the Franklin Prophecy was mentioned by Osama Bin Laden in his Letter to the American People. Many aspects of the theory point to a clear forgery and hoax. Some journeyed even further, until they finally reached the Japanese islands, where they established the Shinto religion and the emperor system. Aside from that, McGovern argues that alcohol consumption was important to our ancestors, mainly because the high sugar content gave them the energy they needed to survive in places with scarce resources. The government officially reported that the smog was caused by a rare temperature inversion that caused sulfuric acid, nitrogen dioxide, fluorine, and other poisonous gases to build to dangerous levels. "Although Halbronn possibly knows more about the texts and associated archives than almost anybody else alive (he helped dig out and research many of them), most other specialists in the field reject this view. 10 Chinese Alchemists Discovered Gunpowder. Many encyclopedic topics can be evaluated from a number of different perspectives, and some of these perspectives may make claims that lack verification in research, that are inherently untestable, or that are pseudoscientific. A study published in April 2013 suggested that nuclear fallout from Fukushima has caused significant elevated rates of congenital thyroid illness in infants born on the West Coast of the US and Hawaii. The negative information around Fukushima has caused people in Japan, Canada, and the United States to call for a monitoring system that will track air pollution and seafood quality on a weekly basis. Reliable sources on Wikipedia may include peer-reviewed journals; books published by university presses; university-level textbooks; magazines, journals, and books published by respected publishing houses; and mainstream newspapers. Wikipedia:Fringe theories/Arbitration cases, Wikipedia's policies on original research, stated simply as facts rather than recast as opinions, completely unreliable sources masquerading as legitimate, Wikipedia:Template messages/Sources of articles, Wikipedia:Why Wikipedia cannot claim the Earth is not flat, Wikipedia:Requests for arbitration/Pseudoscience, Wikipedia:Requests for arbitration/Fringe science, Wikipedia:Requests for arbitration/Barrett v. Rosenthal, Wikipedia:Requests for arbitration/Climate change, Wikipedia:Requests for arbitration/Homeopathy, Wikipedia:Requests for arbitration/Cold fusion, Wikipedia:Requests for arbitration/September 11 conspiracy theories, Wikipedia:Arbitration/Requests/Case/Shakespeare authorship question, Wikipedia:Neutral point of view#Due and undue weight, Synthesis of published material that advances a position, "JOURNAL of FRONTIER SCIENCE Peer Review Blog", Do not include copies of lengthy primary sources, Do not disrupt Wikipedia to illustrate a point, Categories, lists, and navigation templates, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Fringe_theories&oldid=1152016868, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, This page was last edited on 27 April 2023, at 17:09.