East India Company; after the war it reverted to the Crown. record about 30 British deaths, several from outside of the city. specially constructed chawls near the mills. By Mariam Dossal. 20th Century | The Canada Guide The Battle of Swally was fought between the British and the Portuguese at Surat in 1612 for the possession of Bombay. [129], The growth of political consciousness started after the establishment of the Bombay Presidency Association on 31 January 1885. Soon after its detachment, the peninsular region of the Indian plate drifted over the Runion hotspot, a volcanic hotspot in the Earth's lithosphere near the island of Runion. [159] On 15 August 1947, finally India was declared independent. Avabai Jamsetjee Jeejeebhoy funded the construction of the Mahim Causeway,[98] to connect Mahim to Bandra and the work was completed in 1845. in this century. An eruption here some 66mya is thought to have laid down the Deccan Traps, a vast bed of basalt lava that covers parts of central India. [35] The Sultanate's patronage led to the construction of many mosques, prominent being the Haji Ali Dargah in Mahim, built in honour the Muslim saint Haji Ali in 1431. Historians of the city have tended to focus primarily on the period before 1930; this tendency has seriously limited our understanding of the dramatic transformations that have taken place in Bombay over the course of the twentieth century. For terms and use, please refer to our Terms and Conditions their villages. Rajagopalachari. Each of the studies reviewed here devotes considerable attention to developments since the 1920s. Cambridge University Press is committed by its charter to disseminate knowledge as widely as possible across the globe. The First Indian Bombay's ethnic soup. CBSE Class 10 Answered - TopperLearning At least 44 people were killed and 150 injured. [66] A customs house was also built. [174] The Mumbai Metropolitan Region Development Authority (MMRDA) was set up on 26 January 1975 by the Government of Maharashtra as an apex body for planning and co-ordination of development activities in the Mumbai metropolitan region. [67] In 1686, the Company shifted its main holdings from Surat to Bombay, which had become the administrative centre of all the west coast settlements then. Overall, 15.3 percent of Americans lived in cities in 1850. In growing cities in the 19th century, the public health movement and sanitary reform put protecting people from other people's shit at the heart of urban governance. The goods were subjected to Maratha regulations with respect to taxes and a 30% toll was levied on all goods into the city from Salsette. can now only be seen as part of the boundary wall of St. George Hospital, The existence of such The Bombay plague epidemic was a bubonic plague epidemic that struck the city of Bombay (present-day Mumbai) in the late nineteenth century. The city's infrastructure was improved considerably with the construction of new highways and bridges, expansion of port facilities, and the inauguration of new public-transit systems. to accommodate the whole family. Every floor contained rooms, This had long been a mainstay of Bombay's commerce. Population of India 1800-2020 | Statista He was the first person to build [173], Nehru Centre was established in 1972 at Worli in Bombay. [148], Following World War I, which saw large movement of India troops, supplies, arms and industrial goods to and from Bombay, the city life was shut down many times during the Non-cooperation movement from 1920 to 1922. [citation needed]. [107] The Cotton Exchange was established in Cotton Green in 1844. On the mainland the Mughals in the north, the Marathas (under the venerated leader Chhatrapati Shivaji) in the area surrounding and stretching eastward from Bombay, and the territorial princes in Gujarat to the northwest were more powerful. the Historical Roots of Industrialisation and the Emerging State in [57] The first English merchants arrived in Bombay in November 1583, and travelled through Bassein, Thane, and Chaul. [145] The Bombay Chronicle started by Pherozeshah Mehta, the leader of the Indian National Congress, in 1910, played an important role in the national movement until India's Independence. Although that initiative was crushed by the British, India did achieve independence in 1947. First published in 1949 as the Economic Weekly and since 1966 as the Economic and Political Weekly, EPW, as the journal is popularly known, occupies a special place in the intellectual history of independent India. ", "Local 'army' offers to protect Bombay's 'Castella', "Security, the central component of an early modern institutional matrix; 17th century Bombay's Economic Growth", International Society for New Institutional Economics (ISNIE), "Mazgaon fort was blown to pieces 313 years ago", Calcutta Magazine and Monthly Register 1832, Acquisition, Changes, and Staff (Acquisition, 17741817, "BMC allots Rs 14 cr to upgrade Mahim Causeway", Grant Medical College and Sir J.J. Gr.of Hospitals, "Sir Dinshaw Manockjee Petit, first Baronet, 18231901", "From Distrust to Reconciliation (The Making of the Ganesh Utsav in Maharashtra)", "The Swadeshi Movement: Culmination of Cultural Nationalism", "BMC will give jobs to kin of Samyukta Maharashtra martyrs", Heras Institute of Indian History and Culture 1983, "About Mumbai Metropolitan Region Development Authority (MMRDA)", "The Great Mumbai Textile Strike 25 Years On", "Profile of Jawaharlal Nehru Custom House (Nhava Sheva)", "Victims await Mumbai 1993 blasts justice", "Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus chugs towards a new heritage look", "Blast outside Ghatkopar station in Mumbai, 2 killed", "Blast in Ghatkopar in Mumbai, 4 killed and 32 injured", "At least 174 killed in Indian train blasts", "India police: Pakistan spy agency behind Mumbai bombings", "Thackeray continues tirade against North Indians", "North Indian taxi drivers attacked in Mumbai", "HM announces measures to enhance security", "3 bomb blasts in Mumbai; 8 killed, 70 injured", "Death toll in Mumbai terror blasts rises to 19", "International Conference Held at Washington for the Purpose of Fixing a Prime Meridian and a Universal Day. gained paramount importance in the world cotton trade. [27] The Pathare Prabhus, one of the earliest settlers of the city, were brought to Mahim from Patan and other parts of Saurashtra in Gujarat around 1298 by Bhimdev during his reign. East India Company at the beginning of the century. First published in 1949 as the Economic Weekly and since 1966 as the Economic and Political Weekly, EPW, as the journal is popularly known, occupies a special place in the intellectual history of independent India. By 1920, more Americans lived in cities than in rural areas for the first time in US history. Nothing happenned, but Influence Of British Colonialism On Indian Culture In The 19Th Century [86] Lovji Nusserwanjee Wadia, a member of the Wadia family of shipwrights and naval architects from Surat, built the Bombay Dock in 1750,[87] which was the first dry dock to be commissioned in Asia. Bombay was hit by a drought in 1824. These migrants also played a major role in the political discourse of the city. During the 19th century, religious superstitions and social . The tragedy was to have a positive [133] The Victoria Terminus of the Great Indian Peninsular Railway, one of the finest stations in the world, was completed in May 1888. Victorian Gothic each given over to one person, and a common toilet. The purpose of this project was to block the Worli creek and prevent the low-lying areas of Bombay from being flooded at high tide. Early Labor Unions. revival. Bombay was renamed Mumbai on 6 March 1996. [67] Fortifications were built around Bombay Castle. of the war, it was over. [53] These Christians were referred to by the British as Portuguese Christians, though they were Nestorian Christians who had only recently established ties with the Roman Catholic Church. [67] The Bombay Coast and River Steam Navigation Company was established in 1866 for the maintenance of steam ferries between Bombay and the nearby islands;[67] while the opening of the Suez Canal in 1869 revolutionized the marine trade of Bombay. [151] In the late 1920s, many Persians migrated to Bombay from Yazd to escape the drought in Iran. October, 1884 Protocols of the Proceedings", "The New Annual Register, Or General Repository of History, Politics, and Literature, for the Year 1813", "Bombay in the making: Being mainly a history of the origin and growth of judicial institutions in the Western Presidency, 16611726", "Indian Shipping: A Case Study of the Working of Imperialism", "Portuguese Settlements on the Western Coast", "Essays on Indian Antiquities, Historic, Numismatic, and Palographic, of the Late James Prinsep", "Bombay Place-Names and Street-Names:An excursion into the by-ways of the history of Bombay City", Portuguese India History: The Northern Province: Bassein, Bombay-Mumbai, Damao, Chaul, A collection of pages on Mumbai's History, Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Vastu Sangrahalaya (Prince of Wales Museum), Brihanmumbai Electric Supply and Transport (BEST), Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj International Airport, Institute of Chemical Technology (formerly UDCT), Veermata Jijabai Technological Institute (VJTI), Jamnalal Bajaj Institute of Management Studies (JBIMS), SP Jain Institute of Management and Research, Sydenham Institute of Management Studies, Research and Entrepreneurship Education(SIMSREE), Ramniranjan Anandilal Podar College of Commerce and Economics, V. G. Vaze College of Arts, Science and Commerce, Raja Shivaji Vidyalaya (King George High School), Tata Institute of Fundamental Research (TIFR), Centre for Excellence in Basic Sciences (UM-DAE CBS), Portuguese Empire in the Indonesian Archipelago, Theory of the Portuguese discovery of Australia, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_Mumbai&oldid=1150987842, Articles with dead external links from August 2021, Articles with dead external links from March 2018, Articles with permanently dead external links, Articles with dead external links from February 2023, Wikipedia introduction cleanup from June 2022, Articles covered by WikiProject Wikify from June 2022, All articles covered by WikiProject Wikify, Articles with unsourced statements from February 2022, Pages using Sister project links with default search, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, Chandavarkar, Rajnarayan. [142] The cotton mill industry was adversely affected during 1900 and 1901 due to the flight of workers because of the plague. In the late 18th and early 19th century railway network came into being in Mumbai due to which Mumbai became central in the trade and commerce and with the emergence of port . The Wellington Pier (Apollo Bunder) in the north of Colaba was opened for passenger traffic in 1819 and the Elphinstone High School was established in 1822. [134] The concept of Dabbawalas (lunch box delivery man) originated in the 1890s when British people who came to Bombay did not like the local food. Modern Asian Studies By the early 20th century, the U.S. had become the world . At the beginning of the century, U.S. citizens and immigrants to the country traveled primarily by horseback or on the rivers. [5] The islands were coalesced into a single landmass by the Hornby Vellard engineering project in 1784. The British colonialism in India lasted for about 190 years, beginning in 1757 and ended with India's independence in 1947. [109] The earliest riots occurred at Mahim in 1850, in consequence of a dispute between two rival factions of Khojas. Imperialism Flashcards | Quizlet 1857 marks a watershed in Indian history. [45] The marriage treaty of Charles II of England and Catherine of Portugal on 8 May 1661 placed Bombay in British possession as a part of Catherine's dowry to Charles. slums developed around the mills and the harbour. [128] Bombay time was set at 4 hours and 51 minutes ahead of Greenwich Mean Time (GMT) using the 75th east meridian. The Asiatic Society. [126] Bombay Time, one of the two official time zones in British India, was established in 1884[127] during the International Meridian Conference held at Washington, D.C in the United States. The bomb killed 4 people and injured 32. [150] The first electric locomotives in India were put into service from Victoria Terminus to Kurla in 1925. The crown ceded it to the East India Company in 1668. However, the population of Bombay was 20th century. The opening in 1869 of the Suez Canal, which greatly facilitated trade with Britain and continental Europe, also contributed to Bombays prosperity. The first War of Independence [103] In the same year, monthly communication was established between Bombay and London. [120] Tramway communication was instituted in 1873. [11] The Kalachuris of Central India ruled the islands during the fifth century,[15] which were then acquired by the Mauryas of Konkan in the sixth and early part of the seventh century. The citys infrastructure was improved considerably with the construction of new highways and bridges, expansion of port facilities, and the inauguration of new public-transit systems. [2] After India's independence in 1947, the territory of Bombay Presidency retained by India was restructured into Bombay State. Under this agreement, the Those protests led to the states partition into the modern states of Gujarat and Maharashtra in 1960, and Bombay was made the capital of Maharashtra that year. Chapter 26: India, the Islamic Heartlands, and Africa, 1800-1945 - Quizlet [7] They were Dravidian in origin and included a large number of scattered tribes along the Vindhya Plateau, Gujarat, and Konkan. [citation needed] The Kolis and Aagri (a Marathi-Konkani people)[1] were the earliest known settlers of the islands. The pioneering work of Solow (1957) and Abramovitz (1956) both suggested that expansion in labor and capital accounted for no more than 15% of total growth in US output per head between the middle of the 19th century and the 1950s. The Koli, an aboriginal tribe of fishermen, were the earliest known inhabitants of present-day Mumbai, though Paleolithic stone implements found at Kandivli, in Greater Mumbai, indicate that the area has been inhabited by humans for hundreds of thousands of years. By the mid-19th century, industrialization was well-established throughout the western part of Europe and America's northeastern region. In Mumbai, there were three or four of these tribes. [36] After the death of Kutb Khan, the Gujarat commandant of Mahim, Ahmad Shah I Wali again despatched a large army to capture Mahim. of the town, razing many localities. 14.1 A Brief History of Urbanization - Social Problems The attacks resulted in 164 deaths, 308 injuries, and severe damage to several important buildings. [67], In 1838, the islands of Colaba and Little Colaba were connected to Bombay by the Colaba Causeway. by an Act of the British Parliament. Rethinking the Twentieth-Century History of Mumbai - Cambridge Core [77], Yakut Khan landed at Sewri on 14 February 1689,[78] and razed the Mazagon Fort in June 1690. In 1950 the population of Mumbai was around 3 million. By 1000 BCE, the region was heavily involved in seaborne commerce with Egypt and Persia. barracks, each building had three floors. [33] On Rai Qutb's death in 14291430, Ahmad Shah I Wali of the Bahmani Sultanate of Deccan captured Salsette and Mahim. [11] The Mauryas were feudatories of Kalachuris,[11] and the Jogeshwari Caves were constructed during their regime between 520 and 525. Since the early 1900s, the city has also the home base of the Bollywood film industry. The Bombay metro area faced some unfortunate events like the inter-communal riots of 199293, while the 1993 Mumbai bombings caused extensive loss of life and property. This work was completed in 1845, but Mumbai is India's largest industrial, financial and commercial centre. 8.1, the share of the manufacturing sector in India (total of manufacturing and small scale and cottage industries) in total NDP grew gradually from approximately 10% in the early 20th century to over 20% in the 1960s. Mumbai in 1888. [11] The port of Sopara (present-day Nala Sopara) was an important trading centre during the first century BCE,[12] with trade contacts with Rome. [100] In May 1804, Bombay was hit by a severe famine, which led to a large-scale emigration. In the meanwhile, After the establishment of the Gujarat Sultanate in 1391, Muzaffar Shah I was appointed viceroy of north Konkan. The population would grow gradually throughout the 19 th century, rising to over 240 million by 1900. The city's physical structure and land use has been greatly influenced by its movement patterns (migration into . 1993 Economic and Political Weekly [26] He belonged to either the Yadava dynasty of Devagiri in Maharashtra or the Anahilavada dynasty of Gujarat. The city was built 1777 - First newspaper published in Mumbai by Rustom Kersaspjere. A Judge-Advocate was appointed for the purpose of civil administration. Already In the second half of the 19th century, a large textile industry grew up in the city and surrounding towns, operated by Indian entrepreneurs. During the early 15th century, the Bhandaris seized the island of Mahim from the Sultanate and ruled it for eight years. [91] Salsette, Elephanta, Hog Island, and Karanja were formally ceded to the British East India Company by the Treaty of Salbai signed in 1782, while Bassein and its dependencies were restored to Raghunathrao of the Maratha Empire. Under new building rules set up in 1748, many houses were demolished and the population was redistributed, partially on newly reclaimed land. Did you know? However, the Samyukta Maharashtra movement opposed this, and insisted that Bombay native of Marathi be declared the capital of Maharashtra. The destruction of the Babri Masjid (Mosque of Bbur) in Ayodhya in December 1992 sparked sectarian rioting in Bombay and throughout India that lasted into early 1993 and caused the deaths of hundreds of people. He suggested the [45] Dorabji Nanabhoy, a trader, was the first Parsi to settle in Bombay in 1640. [30] For the administration of the islands, he appointed a governor for Mahim. During the reign of Ahmad Shah I (14111443), Malik-us-Sharq was appointed governor of Mahim, and in addition to instituting a proper survey of the islands, he improved the existing revenue system of the islands. Mumbai ca. [121] The Bombay Electric Supply and Transport (BEST), originally set up as a tramway company: Bombay Tramway Company Limited, was established in 1873. "Workers' politics and the mill districts in Bombay between the wars. [171] During the 1970 there were Bombay-Bhiwandi riots. This paper calls upon historians to continue to apply the tools of social history, particularly its reliance on close microcosmic studies of particular places and groups over long periods of time, as they try to bridge the gap between the early twentieth century and the later twentieth century. It publishes over 2,500 books a year for distribution in more than 200 countries. [158] The Royal Indian Navy Mutiny of 18 February 1946 in Bombay marked the first and most serious revolt by the Indian sailors of the Royal Indian Navy against British rule. [195] 209 people were killed[196] and over 700 were injured. The original work is not included in the purchase of this review. [17][24] King Bhimdev founded his kingdom in the region in the late 13th century[25] and established his capital in Mahikawati (present day Mahim). [107] On 3 November 1845, the Grant Medical College and hospital, the third in the country, was founded by Governor Robert Grant. Request Permissions, Review by: Western colonialism - The new imperialism (c. 1875-1914) 4 21st century. For more information, visit http://journals.cambridge.org. But, with the end of the Civil War, cotton prices crashed and the bubble burst. The islands were joined to the mainland and each other by causeways, and the city's university and major hospitals were founded. On 6 December 2002, a bomb placed under a seat of an empty BEST (Brihanmumbai Electric Supply and Transport) bus exploded near Ghatkopar station in Mumbai. In 1857 the first spinning and weaving mill was established, and by 1860 the city had become the largest cotton market in India. The University of Bombay was the first modern institution of higher education to be established in India in 1857. [168][169], In the early 1960s, the Parsi and Marwaris Migrant communities owned majority of the industry and trade enterprises in the city, while the white-collar jobs were mainly sought by the South Indian migrants to the city. In response to those problems, the City Improvement Trust was established to open new localities for settlement and to erect dwellings for the artisan classes. [182] The attacks were believed to be orchestrated by mafia don Dawood Ibrahim in retaliation for the Babri Mosque demolition. Among the most notable of those were the bombing of a train in July 2006 and the simultaneous siege of several sites in the city in late November 2008; nearly 200 lives were lost in each of the two incidents. [156] With World War II, the movements of thousands of troops, military and industrial goods and the fleet of the Royal Indian Navy made Bombay an important military base for the battles being fought in West Asia and South East Asia. [58] The Portuguese Franciscans had obtained practical control of Salsette and Mahim by 1585, and built Nossa Senhora de Bom Concelho (Our Lady of Good Counsel) at Sion and Nossa Senhora de Salvao (Our Lady of Salvation) at Dadar in 1596. The "scramble for Africa" started to impact large numbers of Africans in the. [31] It was reconquered by Rai Qutb of the Gujarat Sultanate. With the destruction of Maratha power, trade and communications to the mainland were established, existing connections to Europe were extended, and Bombay began to prosper. Their religious practices could be summed up as animism. with the opening of Bombay's first cotton mill, it was to become an A few years later the city changed its name to Mumbai, the Marathi name for the city. [55] He established the Marine force,[55] and constructed the St. Thomas Cathedral in 1718, which was the first Anglican Church in Bombay. The Treaty of Bassein (1534) between the Portuguese viceroy Nuno da Cunha and Bahadur Shah of Gujarat, placed the islands into Portuguese possession in 1534. The Lord Willingdon Memorial incident of December 1918 saw the handicap of Home Rulers in Bombay. It was converted into a township in 1949, and named Ulhasnagar by the then Governor-General of India, C. With the opening of [162] In April 1950, Greater Bombay District came into existence with the merger of Bombay Suburbs and Bombay City. The area of Bombay State increased, after several erstwhile princely states that joined the Indian union were integrated into Bombay State. [82] In 1728, a Mayor's court was established in Bombay and the first reclamation was started which was a temporary work in Mahalaxmi, on the creek separating Bombay from Worli. Importance Of Globalization In Mumbai | ipl.org Pratapbimba later reconquered the islands which he ruled till 1331. My semester final project is regarding the industrialization and deindustrialization of Mumbai/Bombay centered around two significant periods, the plague of 1896 and the textile mills strike of 1984. [47] The San Miguel (St. Michael Church) in Mahim, one of the oldest churches in Bombay, was built by the Portuguese in 1540. Plague, for example, broke out in 1896. Russia has returned to its pre-20th century role, tension between Greece and Turkey is heightened and the revolutions of 1848 feel less distant Viewed on a timeline, the events and the people of . During the latter half The Portuguese Viceroy declined to interfere and Shipman was prevented from landing in Bombay. The Cotton Exchange was established in This volcanic activity resulted in the formation of basaltic outcrops, such as the Gilbert Hill, that are seen at various locations in the city. [198] In 2008, the city experienced xenophobic attacks by the activists of the Maharashtra Navnirman Sena (MNS) under Raj Thackeray on the North Indian migrants in Mumbai. Mumbai has seen significant growth in its population between 1950 and 2020. suppressed; but These have been frequently reviewed along with Philip Huang's The Peasant Family and . An important reformer was Mary Carpenter, who wrote factory laws that exemplified Victorian modernization theory of the modern, regulated factory as vehicle of pedagogy and civilizational uplift. Footnote 1 A number of rich studies have addressed the expansion of the urban centre in the context of international trade and industry, the role of imperial policy in shaping the city's geographic contours, the formation of urban communities, business entrepreneurship, the development of the textile . Life Expectancy - Our World in Data [67] Gerald Aungier, who was appointed Governor of Bombay in July 1669, established the first mint in Bombay in 1670. [203][204] The city's Wankhede Stadium was the venue for 2011 Cricket World Cup final, where India emerged as a champion for the second time after the 1983 Cricket World Cup. The growth of Mumbai is remarkable in the sense that it was a set of seven small islands inhabited by traditional fisherman mostly. The Remaking of Bombay The last years of the 19th century ended with a textile manufacturing boom, and attracted huge numbers of workers to a city unprepared to give them healthy living quarters. [38] After the end of the Bahamani Sultanate, Bahadur Khan Gilani and Mahmud Gavan (14821518) broke out in rebellion at the port of Dabhol and conquered the islands along with the whole of Konkan. Rethinking the Twentieth-Century History ofMumbai* History, Culture and the Indian City: Essays by Rajnarayan Chandavarkar. [176] In August 1979, a sister township of Navi Mumbai was founded by City and Industrial Development Corporation (CIDCO) across Thane and Raigad districts of Maharashtra to help the dispersal and control of Mumbai's population. [8], The islands were incorporated into the Maurya Empire under Emperor Ashoka of Magadha in the third century BCE. The decisive battle Request Permissions, Published By: Economic and Political Weekly. Following this, many artisans and construction workers from Andhra Pradesh migrated to Bombay and settled into the flats which were constructed by the Hornby Vellard. India reverted to the British Crown. [55] After Antonio Pessoa's death in 1571, a patent was issued which granted Mazagaon in perpetuity to the Sousa e Lima family. An ambitious scheme for the construction of a seawall in Back Bay to reclaim an area of 1,300 acres (525 hectares) of land was proposed in 1918, but it was not finished until the completion of Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose Road (Marine Drive) from Nariman Point to Malabar Pointthe first two-way highway of its kind in Indiaafter World War II (193945). Laws provided for compensation for workplace accidents. y the late 20th century the factories started to decline along [138] On 9 March 1898, there was a serious riot which started with a sudden outbreak of hostility against the measures adopted by Government for suppression of plague. They were given a mission by the growing social problems of in-dustry, cities, immigration, and prolonged depressions, rst in the 1870s and later in the 1890s. [124] Electricity arrived in Bombay in 1882 and Crawford Market was the first establishment to be lit up by electricity. Indigenous tribals have inhabited Mumbai (Bombay) since the Stone Age. Mumbai was lashed by torrential rains on 2627 July 2005, during which the city was brought to a complete standstill. 10 people were killed and 70 were injured. Sir Bartle Frere became the [170] In the late 1960s, Nariman Point and Cuffe Parade were reclaimed and developed. [19] The Mauryan presence ended when the Chalukyas of Badami in Karnataka under Pulakeshin II invaded the islands in 610. [119] The Bombay Port Trust was promulgated in 1870 for the development and administration of the port. [201] The city again saw a series of three coordinated bomb explosions at different locations on 13 July 2011 between 18:54 and 19:06 IST.