2004 Jan;10(1):40-7. 2021 May 14;19(1):123. doi: 10.1186/s12916-021-01996-5. The Ebola virus causes a high-risk hemorrhagic fever that affects multiple organ systems in the body and is often accompanied by bleeding (Cullinane & Park, 2014, What is Ebola? Epub 2022 Apr 6. Ebola virus disease in West Africa: the first 9 months of the epidemic and forward projections. These variables play a role in the spread of the virus in human populations. In class we got a chance to discuss Ebola in the US and in Africa. falling to 31.5% in some treatment centers in West Africa,[27]Ansumana R, Jacobsen KH, Idris M, et al. Those vertices are "agent," "host," and "environment." As known, the US certainly have less cases and deaths due to Ebola in comparison to countries all over Africa. https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMc1413685 Spread to Liberia and Sierra Leone. Emerg Infect Dis. With a case fatality rate from about 50% to 90%, and the absence of preventative or curative therapies, the Ebola epidemic has led to overall global alarm and further elucidated existing global health disparities that perpetuated the epidemic with these West African countries. As a transmittable disease, progression of the virus had been thought to be linked to higher probabilities of transmission, and therefore safety of persons in contact with infected patients was in question (Yamin et al., 2015). 2015 Feb 5;372(6):587-8. The site is secure. https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa1411100#t=article Aug 2022 [internet publication]. [4]Leroy EM, Gonzalez JP, Baize S. Ebola and Marburg haemorrhagic fever viruses: major scientific advances, but a relatively minor public health threat for Africa. analyse site usage and support us in providing free open access scientific content. A study conducted in Liberia in 2014 proved such hypothesis to be true and concluded that prompt and accurate isolation of infected patients was a safe method. https://www.who.int/emergencies/disease-outbreak-news/item/2021-DON328, 2021: the twelfth outbreak in the DRC started on February 7, 2021 in the North Kivu province and was declared over on May 3, 2021, with a total of 12 cases and 6 deaths (case fatality rate 50%). It was the third outbreak in the province in the last four years. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2395567/pdf/bullwho00439-0113.pdf It has also been responsible for smaller outbreaks in the DRC since then. People become infected with Ebola virus through contact with infected wild animals or contact with blood or body fluids (urine, feces, saliva, sweat, vomit, breast milk, and semen) of infected humans. and around 20% in patients managed outside West Africa. Feature Flags: { The site is secure. Ebola outbreaks with the Zaire and Ta Forest ebolaviruses have been observed in gorillas and chimpanzees since 1994. News-Medical. Forgraphs,geographical distribution and more details see the WEEKLY report (on Wednesdays). HHS Vulnerability Disclosure, Help government site. Polish Academy of Sciences & Jagiellonian University Medical College. The virus is transmitted to people from wild animals and spreads in the human population through human-to-human transmission. 8600 Rockville Pike The Ebola virus disease is an epidemic that has returned to claim more lives than one can count. Most human infections during outbreaks usually occur by direct contact with infected patients or cadavers. Retrieved on May 01, 2023 from https://www.news-medical.net/health/Ebola-Virus-Epidemiology.aspx. 2016 Aug 5;5(1):74. doi: 10.1186/s40249-016-0167-0. Ebola haemorrhagic fever in Zaire, 1976. This site needs JavaScript to work properly. endobj He enjoys contributing back to the community. 2022: an outbreak of Sudan ebolavirus disease in Uganda started on September 20, 2022 and was declared over on January 11, 2023, with a total of 142 confirmed cases and 55 deaths (case fatality rate 39%). Content may require purchase if you do not have access. World Health Organization. The Epidemiologic Triangle is a model that scientists have developed for studying health problems. A directory of local health departments is located at, Visit the VDH website that contains information on Ebola virus disease at, Visit the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention website at. 2015 Apr;21(4):578-84. doi: 10.3201/eid2104.141940. Tasks: Review the Ebola materials assembled for you by a team of experts and then use what you've learned to create a strategy to stop the outbreak. Be sure the info you fill in Epidemiologic Triangle For Ebola is updated and correct. Of all cases and deaths resulting from the disease, 99.8% occurred in three neighbouring West African countries - Liberia, Sierra Leone and Guinea (WHO, 2014). January 2015 [internet publication]. Recently in 2014, there was a major outbreak from Ebola. If EVD is suspected based on the persons symptoms and exposure to Ebola virus, such as having close contact with an Ebola-infected person, he or she should be isolated (separated from other people) immediately and the local health department should be notified. Medecins Sans Frontiers (2014) says, It is a highly infectious virus that can kill up to 90 percent of the people who catch it (Ebola Emergency, n.d.). Please use one of the following formats to cite this article in your essay, paper or report: Metrovi, Tomislav. United Nations agencies and programs; Ministries of Health; the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC); ReliefWeb; emergency nongovernmental organizations; and publications indexed in PubMed, EmBase, and Clinical Key have been used as sources of data. The natural history of EVD has shown that the disease may pose a problem to developed countries and may present a thread to individuals. sharing sensitive information, make sure youre on a federal The virus was first discovered during an outbreak dated back to the year 1976. This is the same technique that epidemiologists use when they are researching the outbreak of a disease. New York Times. Clin Microbiol Infect. May 2021 [internet publication]. In late 2013, Ebola virus disease (EVD), a deadly and lethal disease, remerged in West Africa spreading to various countries in the region. May 2021 [internet publication]. There are several steps to take to prevent EVD when living in or traveling to an area with EVD: The FDA approved the Ebola vaccine rVSV-ZEBOV (called Ervebo) on December 19, 2019. Keywords: burial practices, communicable disease, emerging disease, environment, epidemiology, infection, public health, risk exposure, surveillance, transmission, Suggested Citation: ?j\jQI"8dDbD n. Ebola virus disease Democratic Republic of the Congo. Some observations have shown the decrease in case fatality ratio after several generations of patient-to-patient passage. section, para. https://www.cdc.gov/amd/stories/ebola.html PLoS One. Ebola virus disease (EVD) is a deadly zoonotic disease caused by the Ebola virus. Advanced molecular detection and Liberian Ebola. N Engl J Med. Historically Ebola has had a serious impact on human health and hygiene and still does due to the fact of no vaccine or treatment being discovered, but thanks to improvements in scientific and medical knowledge the virus itself is now controllable. Outbreaks of EVD have occurred in those areas. Do ketogenic diets elevate low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels? Understanding the Role of Epigenetics in Cancer, Understanding Chronic Cough: Causes, Symptoms, and Diagnosis, Circumcised vs. Uncircumcised; Differences in the Penile Microbiome, Obesity management: a women's health approach, AI analysis software for Zebrafish you must know, Excessive digital technology use is associated with reduced sleep quality regardless of environmental and genetic factors, study finds, Activating well-being goals in grocery stores: innovative strategies for encouraging healthy food purchases. There are four different strains of the Ebola virus that cause disease in people: Ebola virus (Zaire ebolavirus); Sudan virus (Sudan ebolavirus); Ta Forest virus (Ta Forest ebolavirus, formerly Cte dIvoire ebolavirus); and Bundibugyo virus (Bundibugyo ebolavirus). https://www.news-medical.net/health/Ebola-Virus-Epidemiology.aspx. https://www.cdc.gov/amd/stories/ebola.html. doi: 10.1128/spectrum.02212-21. Jul 2020 [internet publication]. Mar 2020 [internet publication]. https://www.who.int/emergencies/disease-outbreak-news/item/2021-DON328. A Level 3 grade constitutes a greater WHO role in the outbreak, particularly through an increase in resources, According to Cullinane and Park, Hundreds of people are dead as the worst Ebola virus outbreak in history sweeps through West Africa (Cullinane & Park, 2014, para. You will find three available alternatives; typing, drawing, or capturing one. The review was undertaken using the key words epidemiology, public health, outbreak control of Ebola virus, EVD, emerging disease, and/or pandemic disease through medical search engines and abstracting databases such as Pubmed, Google Scholar, and websites of international health agencies such as the World Health Organization (WHO) and Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Ebola virus and other viruses that cause hemorrhagic fever are considered possible bioterrorism agents because the viruses could be intentionally released, spread from person to person, and cause severe disease or death. Populations at risk have increased (P = .024) and the geographical extent of Ebola outbreaks has grown (P = .004). In humans, the disease is spread through contact with infected bodily fluids leading to haemorrhagic fever (World Health Organization [WHO], 2015). stream Fortunately, a pharmaceutical company. https://www.who.int/emergencies/disease-outbreak-news/item/2021-DON325, 2020: the eleventh outbreak in the DRC started on June 1, 2020 in the quateur province and was declared over on November 18, 2020, with a total of 130 cases and 55 deaths (case fatality rate 42%). The Epidemiologic Triangle The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) defines an outbreak or epidemic as "the occurrence of more cases of disease, injury, or other health condition than expected in a given area or among a specific group of persons during a specific period." The PubMed wordmark and PubMed logo are registered trademarks of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS). 01 May 2023. endobj Fill out the Epidemiological Triangle for the current Ebola outbreak. As the prevalence of Ebola grew, the WHO maintained contact with its regional offices in West Africa. Bookshelf http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21722250?tool=bestpractice.com January 2015. Metrovi, Tomislav. Training for outbreak response through the Global Outbreak Alert and Response Network. Ebola disease caused by Sudan ebolavirus Uganda. Indicate the date to the record using the Date option. 1978;56(2):271-93. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2395567/pdf/bullwho00439-0113.pdf, http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/307456?tool=bestpractice.com. Ladak, Reese Jalal The paper summarizes available evidence regarding the determinants of spread of Ebola virus disease, including health care and community related risk factors. Special laboratory tests of the blood are needed to confirm the diagnosis of EVD. This virus was all the more deadly as it often took hours for any symptoms to occur. As the Ebola virus in the reservoir might present in a subclinical or asymptomatic way, there is a possibility of sporadic activation via appropriate stimuli such as stress, changes in food. The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the World Health Organization. The first notification of the virus was mentioned in the Ebola River valley in Zaire for the time of an outburst in 1976. Disclaimer. It also notified WHO labs across Africa to prepare to diagnose cases. Image Credit: Valeniker / Shutterstock.com. jR06%oX^qTOHYs"F$+QI$G&Eem]Km^a*S3sFcz_ 1&. There were 318 cases and 280 deaths, an 88% case fatality rate. Aug 2022 [internet publication]. Information on the year of the outbreak, date of beginning and end, duration of the outbreak in days, number of cases, number of deaths, population at risk, geographic extension affected in Km2, and time of notification of the first cases to the World Health Organization (WHO) have been searched and analyzed. Ecologic and geographic distribution of filovirus disease. Close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings. The case, a 46-year old woman, died after being hospitalized for 23 days for symptoms thought to be related to her known comorbidities. Please enable it to take advantage of the complete set of features! Lever, Mark S. Your feedback has been submitted successfully. The most recent outbreak of 2014 has set the alarm bell ringing across the globe for increased focus, funding, research, and development toward the control and management of this emerging viral communicable disease that has a potential pandemic threat. Jun 2021 [internet publication]. Still, pigs can act as an amplifying host, thus potential transmission routes need to be further addressed. xna%b83EtbQ,@.%dWg8Ci%aI$\7_wo>|r)oo7xy!RH"dsy{q&|/~h'n31;@.>aP19z2"rphVh0lGmY3/KlH1ZC0L^[`|C4ryDpX{exve&X$o+@Plp{An22P03R_2kP#PO-r7_Dn~+ZV0YVVv~U~i[eQxyn; -DBF)%9"v! The Ebola outbreak. News-Medical. * Any person, alive or dead, who has/had Ebola symptoms and had contact with a suspected, probable or confirmed EVD case, or a dead or sick animal or with any person with unexplained bleeding or any sudden, unexplained death becomes SUSPECTED. However, there are social, economic, cultural, and political obstacles that continue to greatly hinder a more efficient epidemiological approach to Ebola disease, mainly in Central Africa. This article highlights the epidemiology, clinical features, diagnosis, management, and prevention of EVD. It is transmitted by means of contact with infected blood, mucous membranes, semen and other secretions, therefore being skin lesions and sexual contact significant ways of transmission (Boulton, 2014). Ebola Virus Disease: Epidemiology, Clinical Features, Management, and Prevention Authors Emanuele Nicastri 1 , Gary Kobinger 2 , Francesco Vairo 1 , Chiara Montaldo 1 , Leonard E G Mboera 3 , Rashid Ansunama 4 , Alimuddin Zumla 5 , Giuseppe Ippolito 6 Affiliations 2014 Oct 16;371(16):1481-95. We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. sharing sensitive information, make sure youre on a federal 2022 Oct 4;22(1):769. doi: 10.1186/s12879-022-07723-6. This sickness can be treatable, early care is very important with rehydration, symptomatic treatment can improve survival rates. Avoid participation in funeral or burial rituals that require handling a dead body. Apes, humans, and possibly other mammalian species susceptible to Ebola infection are regarded as the end hosts, and not as the reservoirs of infection. Direct comparison of case fatality rates between different Ebola treatment centers and outbreaks should be interpreted with caution as many variables can introduce bias and skew even large cohort data. 1). Disease outbreak news: Ebola virus disease - Democratic Republic of the Congo. PLoS One. CDC Issues Level 3 travel Warnings for West Africa. World Health Organization. It is important to note that the airborne transmission of Ebola has not been documented, which is comparable to how other respiratory viruses such as the severe acute respiratory coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) are spread. Bethesda, MD 20894, Web Policies and Bull World Health Organ. https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2014/07/31/world/africa/ebola-virus-outbreak-qa.html, In contrast to this, the Sudan ebolavirus has a lower case fatality rate of 39% to 65% in previous outbreaks, with the largest outbreak occurring in 2000 in Uganda (425 cases). Thankfully, the US does not have to go through the effects of living in an Ebola epidemic because of the certain precautions taken when a case arise and the steps taken further for primary and secondary prevention. Li ZJ, Tu WX, Wang XC, Shi GQ, Yin ZD, Su HJ, Shen T, Zhang DP, Li JD, Lv S, Cao CL, Xie RQ, Lu HZ, Jiang RM, Cao Z, An ZJ, Li LL, Xu J, Xiong YW, Zang W, Zhang W, Zhang HW, Chen WS, Ling H, Xu W, Cai J, Luo HJ, Xing XS, Zheng CJ, Wei Q, Li XX, Li M, Jiang H, Deng LQ, Chen MQ, Huo X, Xu F, Lai XH, Bai XC, Ye LJ, Yao JY, Yin WW, Sun JJ, Xiao L, Liu FQ, Liu XQ, Fan HW, Kou ZQ, Zhou JK, Zhang H, Ni DX, Samba TT, Li Q, Yu HJ, Wang Y, Liang XF. The best way to understand the epidemiologic triangle is to see how epidemiologists use it to explain the spread of existing diseases. If you have concerns about EVD, contact your healthcare provider. The emerging diagnostic technologies, rapid viral characterization, geospatial mapping of EVD transmission, and new treatments and vaccines are discussed. <>>> Ebola virus disease fact sheet. Before } Disease outbreak news. Disease outbreak news. Recent outbreaks. Back to basics in COVID-19: Antigens and antibodies-Completing the puzzle. Ebola virus can spread to people when they have contact with an infected animals blood, body fluids, or tissues. Recent outbreaks of animal-borne emerging infectious diseases have likely been precipitated by a complex interplay of changing ecological, epidemiological and socio-economic factors. N Engl J Med. Mar 2019 [internet publication]. About three hundred people in each of the two nations were infected with the virus, resulting in a mortality rate of 88% in Zaire, and 53% in Sudan (Bulletin of the WHO 1978). Ebola virus disease - Democratic Republic of the Congo. General introduction into the Ebola virus biology and disease. What are the benefits of exercise on cardiovascular health? 2021 May;25(10):4523-4533. doi: 10.1111/jcmm.16462. Sikakulya, Franck Katembo Clinical management of patients and deceased during the Ebola outbreak from October to December 2003 in Republic of Congo, A limited outbreak of Ebola hemorrhagic fever in Etoumbi, Republic of Congo, 2005, Social inequalities and emerging infectious diseases, Vulnerability in an Influenza Pandemic: Looking Beyond Medical Risk, Outbreaks in a rapidly changing Central Africa - lessons from Ebola, North Kivu: The Background to Conflict in North Kivu Province of Eastern Congo, Africa's displaced people: out of the shadows, Public health impacts of ecosystem change in the Brazilian Amazon, A brief history of Ebolavirus disease: paving the way forward by learning from the previous outbreaks, https://www.who.int/es/newsroom/detail/08-08-2014-statement-on-the-1st-meeting-of-the-ihr-emergency-committee-onthe-2014-ebola-outbreak-in-west-africa, https://www.who.int/csr/don/2009_02_17/en/, https://www.who.int/csr/don/2014_08_27_ebola/en/, https://reliefweb.int/report/democratic-republic-congo/le-gouvernement-d-clare-la-fin-de-lpid-mie-de-la-maladie-virus, https://www.who.int/csr/don/1996_04_26b/en/, https://www.who.int/csr/don/1997_03_02/en/, https://www.who.int/csr/don/2001_12_05/en/, https://www.who.int/csr/don/2001_12_11/en/, https://www.who.int/csr/don/2002_05_09/en/, https://www.who.int/csr/don/1996_11_18/en/, https://www.who.int/csr/don/2000_10_16/en/, https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/PDF/wk/mm5005.pdf, https://www.who.int/csr/don/2007_02_20b/en/, https://www.who.int/csr/don/2012_10_04/en/, https://reliefweb.int/disaster/ep-2012-000124-uga, https://www.who.int/csr/don/2003_02_18/en/, https://www.who.int/csr/don/2004_01_06/en/, https://www.cdc.gov/vhf/ebola/history/2014-2016-outbreak/index.html, http://www.who.int/iris/handle/10665/255798, https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/146397/WHO_EVD_CaseDef_14.1_eng.pdf;jsessionid=D50E261E8412FD55D03653A7195C1D2B?sequence=1, https://www.economist.com/briefing/2015/12/12/the-young-continent, https://www.un.org/africarenewal/magazine/april2010/africa%E2%80%99s-displaced-people-out-shadows. FOIA Viral RNA and even infectious particles have been found in the genital secretions, semen, urine, saliva, feces, vomit, and in the skin of infected patients. Genetic sequencing has shown that the virus isolated from infected patients in the 2014 outbreak is 97% similar to the virus that first emerged in 1976. Wear protective clothing and follow infection control recommendations when caring for an infected person. Ebola virus disease - Democratic Republic of the Congo. Since discovered, there have been known cases in Africa. [33]World Health Organization. Ebola Virus Epidemiology. Arwady MA, Bawo L, Hunter JC, Massaquoi M, Matanock A, Dahn B, Ayscue P, Nyenswah T, Forrester JD, Hensley LE, Monroe B, Schoepp RJ, Chen TH, Schaecher KE, George T, Rouse E, Schafer IJ, Pillai SK, De Cock KM. Trop J Med Res 2017;20:1-9, Available at SSRN: If you need immediate assistance, call 877-SSRNHelp (877 777 6435) in the United States, or +1 212 448 2500 outside of the United States, 8:30AM to 6:00PM U.S. Eastern, Monday - Friday. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1469-0691.2011.03535.x/full 1, 2 Due to its epidemiological presentation pattern, impact on public health, resources necessary for its management and control, as well as the need for a Still, successful isolation of the Marburg virus from the cave-dwelling species of the fruit bat Rousettus aegyptiacus lends support to the proposed idea of bats as a reservoir species for all filoviruses. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25539447?tool=bestpractice.com One year into the Ebola epidemic. Model-based evaluation of the impact of prophylactic vaccination applied to Ebola epidemics in Sierra Leone and Democratic Republic of Congo. Ebola is a problem in our society today. Clipboard, Search History, and several other advanced features are temporarily unavailable. Although a considerable amount of effort has been put into identifying the natural reservoirs with every large outbreak of the disease, potential hosts or arthropod vectors for the Ebola virus have not been found. Today, we know that in total, over 11,000 people lost their lives ("Previous case counts", 2016). 4 0 obj Although observed modes of transmission mainly include direct contact and contaminated staff, high case fatality ratio and frequent contacts among individuals in developed countries are among determinants which may lead to the development of the EVD outbreak. From this point onward, constant updates have been documented, and until the end of November 2014 the condition grew in number and prevalence[7]. Ebola virus disease (EVD) in West Africa was first reported during early March 2014 in Guinea's 3 southeastern prefectures (Gueckedou, Macenta, and Kissidougou), which border Liberia and Sierra Leone; however, retrospective investigations indicate Ebola virus (EBOV) transmission might have occurred in Guinea since December 2013 (1-4).On March 27, 2014, EVD was reported in Conakry . https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/ebola-virus-disease, 2014-2016: the worlds largest outbreak started in the DRC in 2014 and finished in 2016, with over 28,000 cases and 11,000 deaths (case fatality rate 46%). There was considerable difference in the ability of health care services to deal with infectious diseases due to scarcity in supplies and training. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15078595?tool=bestpractice.com. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. 2 0 obj Kavulikirwa, Olivier Kambere WHO Ebola Response Team. It most commonly affects people and nonhuman primates, such as monkeys, chimpanzees, and gorillas. Jul 2022 [internet publication]. official website and that any information you provide is encrypted Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2006. pp. Origins of the 2014 Ebola epidemic. 2016, p. 2). (2) To the United States, there had never been any worry about the disease until September twentieth of 2014. Ebola in Freetown area, Sierra Leone - a case study of 581 patients. This can happen when a person touches the infected body fluids or objects that are contaminated with them, such as medical equipment like needles and syringes. 2012 Dec 28;7(12):e52986. Care of people with Ebola is difficult and varied due to the highly infectious and often fatal nature of the disease. https://www.who.int/emergencies/disease-outbreak-news/item/ebola-virus-disease-democratic-republic-of-the-congo-draft, 2018-2020: the worlds second largest outbreak in the north Kivu and Ituri provinces of the DRC in 2018 was declared over on June 25, 2020, with a total of 3481 cases and 2299 deaths (case fatality rate 66%). 2022. https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0052986, http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23285243?tool=bestpractice.com. PMC Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. endobj (accessed May 01, 2023). [2]World Health Organization. 2022. on this website is designed to support, not to replace the relationship [30]World Health Organization. Dr. Tomislav Metrovi is a medical doctor (MD) with a Ph.D. in biomedical and health sciences, specialist in the field of clinical microbiology, and an Assistant Professor at Croatia's youngest university - University North. Metrovi, Tomislav. You will use the example of Escherichia coli (E. coli) in describing the three vertices (corners) of the Epidemiologic Triangle. Emerg Microbes Infect. Ebola Virus: Pathogenesis and Countermeasure Development. Ansumana R, Jacobsen KH, Idris M, et al. [31]World Health Organization. N Engl J Med. eCollection 2017. Owned and operated by AZoNetwork, 2000-2023. The number cases for this current year so far is 9,936; 4,877 have been killed by this disease. Please enable it to take advantage of the complete set of features! 2022: the fourteenth outbreak in the DRC started on April 23, 2022 in the quateur province and was declared over on July 4, 2022, with a total of 5 cases and 5 deaths (case fatality rate 100%). More active disease surveillance needs to occur. News-Medical. Flight 822 was where it all began. 2017 Jun 22;12(6):e0179356. There has only been one outbreak of Bundibugyo ebolavirus: in 2007 in western Uganda, and this outbreak had a case fatality rate of 25%. 2019 Sep 29;6(1):435-458. doi: 10.1146/annurev-virology-092818-015708. Peterson AT, Bauer JT, Mills JN. The Triangle has three. In this study, the new epidemiological features and prevalence trends for EVD in Guinea, Liberia, and Sierra Leone are described. The Ebola-Zaire subtype is the most lethal variant. Neagu M, Calina D, Docea AO, Constantin C, Filippini T, Vinceti M, Drakoulis N, Poulas K, Nikolouzakis TK, Spandidos DA, Tsatsakis A. J Cell Mol Med. The first presumed fatality was in Guinea in December 2013 [], and the first cases in Sierra Leone were detected in May 2014 [].Initial transmissions in Sierra Leone were concentrated . Elife. Ecologic and geographic distribution of filovirus disease. Ebola - Democratic Republic of the Congo. Disease outbreak news. TheZaire ebolavirus has a reported case fatality rate of up to 90% in previous outbreaks. 3 0 obj More info. National Library of Medicine 2015, p. 61). January 2015 [internet publication]. doi: 10.7554/eLife.16412. Jun 2021 [internet publication]. Ebola virus disease (EVD) is an often deadly illness caused by the Ebola virus. This virus was formerly known as the hemorrhagic fever. Disease outbreak news. Annu Rev Virol. Metrovi, Tomislav. https://www.who.int/emergencies/disease-outbreak-news/item/2021-DON351, 2021: a small outbreak was reported in Guinea on February 14, 2021 and was declared over on June 19, 2021, with a total of 23 cases and 12 deaths (case fatality rate 52%). Disease Outbreak News. When the Ebola epidemic began in 2014 Sierra Leone 's government health care system was built on rigid foundations. World Health Organization. World Health Organization. 2022 Jul;112(7):1025-1033. doi: 10.2105/AJPH.2022.306842. Text Version of Timeline. Mar 2020 [internet publication]. The virus enters the body through broken skin, through the eyes, nose or mouth, or through sexual contact.